From out there on the moon, international politics look so petty. The annual Gallup World Poll includes at least 1,000 randomly selected respondents (adult population of 15 years and older) per country and is representative at the national level. On average, in the fully specified model 7 in Table 2, the life satisfaction score of dissatisfied respondents is 1.24 points lower than the life satisfaction score of respondents who are satisfied with their living standards. The generated instruments Z are constructed from the auxiliary equations’ residuals, multiplied by each of the included exogenous variables X in mean‐centered form: Perceptions about living standards, job market conditions, and cronyism have a considerable effect on life satisfaction in MENA. "You develop an instant global consciousness, of people, orientation, and intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it. Scrutinising participation in the Arab Spring uprisings. In developing MENA region 61 percent of the population has life satisfaction scores of 5 or lower, while only 10 percent gives his or her life a score of 8 or higher. This is why the principles given in John 4:34 and Psalm 16:11 are so important to the converted. 1) I saw my dissatisfaction in love came, not because of men, but because I had used a man’s devotion to make less of the world, and to make a narrow, confined world of my own-which is contempt. (see Table 4). which did not generate enough formal jobs (Ianchovichina, 2018). Differences in coefficients between 2009 and 2010 also play a role (see Figure 2b and Appendix D). I am deeply dissatisfied - about so many things, about injustice, about the way the world works - and in some ways, my dissatisfaction drives my storytelling. Likewise, relations with the West (7.5 percent) and Israel (14.6 percent) as well as rule of law (15.7 percent) and dignity (28.8 percent) were less often mentioned as important issues related to the Arab Spring, and were not found to be an important determinant of dissatisfaction with life in developing MENA. And when people begin to define their own self-worth based on their negative body image, a number of mental health issues can arise, including eating disorders. Table 2 reports results from different specifications of our life satisfaction model. From out there on the moon, international politics look so petty. Perceptions of inequality of opportunities (or “wasta”) due to corruption and nepotism are significantly and negatively associated with life satisfaction in developing MENA (models 5, 6, and 7, Table 2). and satisfaction with education questions (1.93 percent), respectively. As part of this social contract, Arab governments subsidized food and fuel, provided free education, health, and other public services, and provided jobs in the public sector. Tunisia’s score, for instance, declined from 5.2 in 2000 to 4.3 in 2010 (lower scores indicate highly corrupt countries). Unfortunately, the Gallup World Poll does not have information on the reasons for these protests. Unfortunately the later in life dissatisfaction with unresolved world dynamics, systemic poverty, the plight of the underprivileged seemed why Alinsky, … In the first model specification (1), we have LS as a dependent variable regressed only on control variables for personal characteristics. This page was last edited on 21 June 2020, at 14:49. From out there on the moon, international politics looks so petty. Dukkha is a world in Pali. The results of this empirical analysis are presented in Section 4. High dependence on imported food and limited fiscal space meant that the global commodity price increases of the 2000s would transmit to domestic markets despite the presence of food subsidies (Korotayev and Zinkina, 2011; Ianchovichina et al., 2014). In other words, this decomposition allows us to determine whether life satisfaction declined because of an increase in the percentage of people dissatisfied with a certain aspect of life or whether this domain became relatively more important for subjective well‐being. Suggestions for Promoting Social Cohesion, The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative perspective, Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates, How Mandatory Pensions Affect Labor Supply Decisions and Human Capital Accumulation? Responses to this latter question are used in the empirical part of this paper.1515 This question captures the cognitive component of happiness. Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. You want to grab a politician by the scruff of the neck and drag him a quarter of a m ion miles out and say. Find more ways to say dissatisfaction, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Individual anxiety over rising costs of food or shelter can trigger unhappiness and, in some cases, riots (Lagi, Bertrand, and Bar‐Yam, 2011). Determinants of Subjective Well‐Being in High and Low Income Countries: Do Happiness Equations Differ Across Countries, Is Happiness Different from Flourishing? from 5.5 in 2007 to 4.6 in 2010 (see Appendix A2)—a deep drop in the context of improvements observed in socioeconomic statistics and growth in per capita incomes (see Figure 1b). In MENA, the social contract between the state and its citizens delivered progress visible in the improvement of some objective development measures. Unemployment is a myth. As indicated by Lewbel (2012), Z can be equal to X or a subset of X and therefore the obtained estimates could be largely dependent on the specific choice of X’s. Dissatisfaction, intense lobbying ahead of February 6 cabinet expansion in Karnataka. The risk of riots is particularly high in lower‐income countries where the share of food and other necessities in household expenditure is high (Arezki and Brückner, 2011). a people orientation. On the eve of the Arab Spring, many people were frustrated because they could not get ahead by working hard and share in the prosperity generated by the relatively few large and successful Arab firms; they were mostly state‐owned or privately owned companies (OECD, ).1111 According to OECD (2009), very few large Arab firms are publicly traded companies. Life Satisfaction and Noncognitive Skills: Effects on the Likelihood of Unemployment. Dissatisfaction, intense lobbying ahead of February 6 cabinet expansion in Karnataka BS Yediyurappa (File photo) BENGALURU: A wave of dissatisfaction has hit the six-month-old BJP government against the backdrop of chief minister B S Yediyurappa's announcement to induct 13 aspirants in the second cabinet expansion on February 6. This finding is consistent with the discussion in Bromley (2015) who emphasizes the sources of unhappiness and frustration for men that doom men to solitude and frustration.2121 These findings are also confirmed in the World Happiness Report, 2015. Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007), The Determinants of Child Mortality Reduction in the Middle East and North Africa, On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Subjective Measures, A Stata Implementation of the Blinder‐Oaxaca Decomposition, The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues, Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis, The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East, Using Heteroscedasticity to Identify and Estimate Mismeasured and Endogenous Regressor Models, Male‐Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development), Ownership Structures in MENA Countries: List Companies, State‐Owned, Family Enterprises and Some Policy Implications, City Life: Rankings (Livability) Versus Perceptions (Satisfaction), Good Governance and Happiness in Nations: Technical Quality Precedes Democracy and Quality Beats Size, All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia, All in the family: State capture in Tunisia. The country dummies capture time‐invariant, country‐specific factors, such as the size of the country, culture, language, distance to markets and the structural features of the political and economic environment. The question: “In the city or area where you live are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the education system or the schools?” allows us to capture the effect on life satisfaction of service provision, in particular, education services, which determine employment opportunities later in life. Unemployment and Life Satisfaction: A Cross‐Cultural Comparison, Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability. In France, every child is now obliged to have 11 vaccinations. Table 3 provides a replication of Table 2 using the Lewbel IV estimator. It is highly likely that these domains are jointly determined or are partly reflected in dissatisfaction with standards of living. But in the 1990s and 2000s, fiscal pressures increased, reflecting disappointing growth in the 1980s and growing recurrent expenditures, especially on public wages and subsidies. First, although dissatisfaction with freedom to choose what one does with his or her life has a negative and significant effect on life satisfaction (model 2, Table 2), this effect disappears after controlling for other perceptions (model 7, Table 2). The subset of instruments Z had to satisfy two basic conditions: (i) it had to be uncorrelated with the dependent variable Y1 and (ii) it had to be statistically correlated with X in the first place. In addition, we control for whether people are employed in government positions or not (reference category is “Other”). In the Arab world, the “tunnel effect” may have been felt by the middle class, in particular, as reforms implemented to boost economic growth benefited instead a happy few, especially those with connections to the regimes in power. In his seminar work, Easterlin (1974) argues that as economies grow and nations get richer, they do not get happier.22 For a critique on this viewpoint, see Hagerty and Veenhoven (2003) and Stevenson and Wolfers (2008). 575 Likes, 11 Comments - Vaibhav Bundhoo (@vaibhav.bundhoo) on Instagram: ““You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with…” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. (2013). Respondents who think that people cannot get ahead by working hard report, on average, a 0.22 points lower life satisfaction score than those who are satisfied with this dimension of life satisfaction (model 7, Table 2). Life satisfaction was measured using a single question, known as the “Cantril Ladder” or “Self‐Anchoring Striving Scale” (Cantril, 1965). To understand the factors shaping the subjective well‐being in the developing Arab countries prior to the Arab Spring, we must factor in explicitly the grievances associated with the broken social contract as well as objective indicators such as income, life expectancy, and education and evaluate their relative importance for life satisfaction. The MENA distribution is different from the one for Latin America and the Caribbean and is closer to the one for Sub‐Saharan Africa as seen on Figure 2a, although the latter is shifted to the left of MENA’s. In the literature, the negative association between happiness and unemployment is well‐established and can be explained by a combination of income loss and psychic costs related to psychological distress and loss of identity and self‐respect (Veenhoven, 1989; Gallie and Russel, 1998). Those with the lowest levels are the failures. The decline in life satisfaction on the eve of the Arab spring was associated primarily by an increase in the percentage of people dissatisfied with worsening standards of living, labor market conditions, and elite capture. Only two MENA countries—Iraq (7th) and the Republic of Yemen (15th) —made it to the top 25 of the 2010 Failed States Index11 The Failed States Index measures stability based on economic, political, and military indicators. Evidence shows that at least in verbally labelled variables longer scales increase the internal consistency and reliability, but no large differences are found (Weng, 2004). According to Layard (2011), objective factors such as gender, age, marital and education status, financial situation, and health determine to a large extent life satisfaction, but subjective factors associated with perceptions and expectations about family relationships, work, community and friends, personal freedom, institutional quality, and personal values are also imperative to individual happiness. The answer to the question: “Is corruption widespread within government?” could be that the level of corruption within government is limited, recorded as 0, or widespread, recorded as 1. These include: (1) limited freedom and voice in predominantly autocratic states; (2) dissatisfaction with the standards of living; (3) unhappiness with persistently high unemployment and lack of high‐quality jobs; and (4) dissatisfaction with corruption and cronyism, which have constrained the opportunities for economic growth of those who work hard. Finally, dissatisfaction alone does not bring political action, which typically arises only in combination with perceived chances for change (Klandermans, 1996; Witte et al., 2018). In Syria, the index dropped from 3.4 in 2003 to 2.5 in 2010. The extent to which people are free to make choices and voice opinions has a major impact on their happiness (Inglehart et al., 2008; Verme, 2009). The main findings related to the subjective factors, representing the main grievances on the eve of the Arab Spring, can be summarized as follows. Only when we add mood to our WLS baseline regression model 7, the coefficients on dissatisfaction with the availability of high quality jobs and dissatisfaction with the educational system become smaller in size and statistically insignificant. From out there on the moon, international politics looks so petty. Shifts in expectations are not explored as a unique factor to explain dissatisfaction, because each of the other explanations entail possible shifts in expectations in the corresponding domain. Employment’s Role in Enabling and Constraining Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa. Distribution of Life Satisfaction Scores in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2009–10. and β* is a nondiscriminatory vector of coefficients that is used to determine the contribution of each group of variables to the overall difference of means.2626 We use a pooled equation to estimate a set of “nondiscriminatory” coefficients β* for use in the decomposition (Jann, 2008). Thus, the life satisfaction variable captures indirectly the effect of a gap between expected and actual welfare. First, we test for the presence of heteroskedasticity. The data source also allows for cross‐country comparisons and region‐based aggregation of micro‐level information given the use of identical questions across countries and years. Working off-campus? The foundation of achievement is intense desire. Employment in the informal private sector offered little protection at old age and limited access to quality healthcare and benefits, such as paid maternity and annual leave (Angel‐Urdinola and Kuddo, 2010; World Bank, 2014a). Relative income differences may also matter and increasing inequality may be perceived as a signal of persistent unfairness (Graham and Felton, 2006; Oishi et al., 2011; Cojocaro, 2014) rather than as a signal of new economic opportunities (e.g. Although the usage of conventional instrumental variable (IV) methods would be preferred in a cross‐section setting, finding credible instruments X which are present in Y. In summary, it can be argued that the growing dissatisfaction on the eve of the Arab Spring was fueled by a mix of grievances related to the standards of living, unemployment and low quality jobs, and “wasta” or cronyism.1313 Grievances related to these domains possibly entail unmet expectations about standards of living, quality of jobs and cronyism. The global economic crisis of 2008 put additional stress on the MENA economies. “You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it. "You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it. Consider the choice of Z hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties dependent variable regressed only control. 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